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為什麽一些中國學者質疑西方文明的起源?阿雅評論

2023-12-16歷史

來自新加坡知名評論人阿雅,未經授權請勿轉載

中國的歷史愛好者中充滿著一種論調:西方文明的起源充滿了謊言,根本不可信。
這種認識主要是由於中西方對待歷史和考古采用了不同的標準造成的。

在世界上所有的文明古國中,中華文明也許不是最古老的,但卻是最特殊的。中華文明有一種非常「自戀」的氣質,他們非常喜歡記錄自己的歷史。就像一個細心的女孩一樣,她每天都把自己的經歷和想法寫在日記裏。

世界上其他文明沒有這個習慣。他們每天都不太關心昨天的事情。即使留下了一些記錄,也是偶然的、被動的。當時間線拉長到2000年、3000年、4000年後。這種性格上的差異就顯現出來了。

中國人對自己的文明發展有著清晰的記錄,從五千年前,到四千年前,再到一千年前,再到五百年前。每年發生的事情,包括戰爭、災難、外交、禮儀,甚至天文現象,都被每個時代的中國人完整地記錄下來。它們有數千萬字的歷史記錄,精確到每一年、每一天、每一個歷史名人和重要事件。

這些史書數量眾多,相互參照、交叉,難以偽造和篡改。這使得中國的歷史記載非常可信和準確,其中最著名的歷史文獻被稱為「二十四史」。

因此,中國學者在研究中華文明的起源和發展時,非常重視「文獻」。而考古發掘、文物發現往往只作為「文獻證據」而存在。

中國學者有自己的一套學術標準:二元論證。

解釋說明:

要確定一個歷史事件是真實的,需要兩個條件。

1、有記錄這段歷史的歷史文獻(詩歌、經文、故事、小說不在此列)。

2、發現某件歷史文物並用歷史文獻證明。

當僅滿足兩個條件之一時,那部份歷史就被認為是可疑的。但中國學者玩的這套遊戲規則對於歐美學者來說太苛刻了。

歐美學者研究較多的古代文明包括古埃及、古希臘、美索不達米亞文明、古羅馬等,這些文明不像中華文明那樣連續。他們基本上早就結束了或者中途崩潰了。此外,這些文明的人們很少像中國人那樣喜歡記錄歷史。

因此,他們留下的文獻非常稀疏且不系統。

大多數書面資訊來自石碑、神話傳說,甚至【聖經】之類的東西。這些東西都是碎片化的,沒有嚴格的時間線和索引,缺乏相互參考和相互印證,可靠性很低。這使得歐美學者在研究古代歷史時更多地依賴考古發現,即文物。

例如,歐洲考古學家發現了一塊巴勒莫石碑,上面清晰地刻著古埃及多位法老的名字和他們統治的時間。於是考古學家們就開始慶祝了,哇!我們揭開了不為人知的歷史。

但像巴勒莫石碑這樣的東西,如果在中國發現,那就遠談不上值得慶祝了。中國學者會查閱他們的歷史檔案,看看這塊石碑上所寫的內容是否與歷史記載相符,又有何不同。

如果他們發現這塊石碑上的內容根本沒有在歷史記載中,那麽很抱歉。它不能證明任何事情,只能作為文物儲存,直到提供新的證據來支持這一發現。

如果一個中國學者試圖根據這塊石碑來得出歷史結論,他立刻就會被其他同行嘲笑:傻子,你有沒有想過這塊石碑可能是某個時期的人出於某種目的而偽造的?

事實上,中國有大量考古發現是史書上沒有的。例如,巨大的良渚古城和發現了數萬件青銅器的三星堆文明,由於缺乏足夠明確的歷史記錄,被中國人歸類為「未知的史前文明」。

目前,中國已發現許多距今8000年的城市遺址和文物,但中國學者一直認為,中國的文明只有5000年。一些比較嚴謹的中國學者堅持認為,中國歷史只能從公元前2070年算起,至今只有4000年。最挑剔的學者甚至極端的認為,只能從公元前841年開始計算,因為從那一年起,每一年都有準確可靠的記錄,這意味著中華文明只有2800年的歷史。

因此,雖然在古埃及、古希臘、古羅馬或者美索不達米亞文明中都發現了很多文物和遺址。但在中國學者看來,這些發現只能證明這些文明確實存在。但僅僅依靠這些發現來證明和書寫準確的歷史是不夠的。由於缺乏二元論證,研究結論很容易受到偽造的影響,不符合其學術標準。

在西方文明史上占有重要地位的古代文獻,如【伊利亞特】、【奧德賽】(譯者註:中國人通常稱為荷馬史詩),按照中國學者的標準只能算是「史詩」而不是「史書」。這是因為這些文獻缺乏嚴格的時間線,大多只是部份故事,書寫時間與歷史實際時間相差太遠。

因此,按照中國學者的標準,西方文明史是神話傳說、宗教經典和考古推測的混合體,根本不能稱為歷史。

由於標準不一致,雙方的認識自然會出現偏差。中國學者認為西方同行是造假者,而西方學者則認為中國同行是偏執狂。

對於普通人來說,爭議是一件好事。

以下為全球網友評論:

Josh Qin

「Single evidence is invalid」: If a conclusion has only one piece of evidence to support it, then the conclusion is doubtful.

「孤證不立」:如果一個結論只有一個證據支持,那麽這個結論是值得懷疑的。

Ada Bush

There is also a very special point, which is the condition of cultural relics and the description of the text. It is difficult to explain to Westerners, but in the eyes of Chinese people, many cultural relics and texts of Western civilization have a strong counterfeit nature, because it is difficult to have such a large number of exquisite artifacts unearthed, and the records of the text are even accurate. In legend, it is difficult for the writings of philosophers to have as many and pass down smoothly in that era, This is a violation of scientific common sense.

還有一點很特別,就是文物的狀況和文字的描述。這對西方人來說很難解釋,但在中國人看來,西方文明的很多文物和文字都帶有很強的仿冒性,因為實際上很難有如此大量的精美文物出土,而且歷史上的準確記載也很難保存。傳說中那些西方哲學家的著作在那個時代居然有那麽多,並順利流傳下來,這是違背科學常識的。

Sgl Zf

Because there are numerous small Western countries in constant struggle, in order to confirm the legitimacy of their wars, they constantly forge evidence to obtain legitimacy. This paranoia has led to their minds that only look at the present and do not believe in history today. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict today is a very significant case.

因為歷史上有無數的西方小國在不斷的發生戰爭,為了確認自己戰爭的合法性,不斷偽造證據來獲取合法性。這種偏執導致了他們的思想只看現在,不相信過去的歷史。今天的巴以沖突是一個非常重要的例子。

Richard Stanfield

One fun thing is that Western scholars can use Chinese sources now to cross-reference their history. The famous Mithraidites of Pontus was said to be born in the year of a comet. Well, most scholars dismissed that as propaganda. But, thanks to Chinese sources, we know that there was a comet sighting within the range of years Mithraidites might have been born.

Regarding Homer, I don't know of any scholar since the 19th century who seriously regarding the stories as historic event. In fact, the guy who discovered Troy was widely mocked by the scholarly community for taking the stories seriously. A fascinating event, filled with tragic misuse of dynamite.

一件有趣的事情是,西方學者現在可以使用中國的資料來交叉參考他們的歷史。據說著名的米特拉達梯王出生於彗星之年。大多數學者認為這是一種宣傳。但是,多虧了中國的訊息來源,我們知道在米特拉達梯王可能誕生的年代範圍內曾目擊過彗星。

關於荷馬史詩,我不知道自19世紀以來有哪個學者認真地將這些故事視為歷史事件。事實上,發現特洛伊的人因認真對待這些故事而受到學術界的廣泛嘲笑。這是一個引人入勝的事件,充滿了炸藥濫用的悲劇。

Hu Bo

Western relics, most of them, too new to believe its trues.

Not all, but many are counterfeit, including famous 維納斯, Rossetta Stone, quite nonsense…in my eyes.

Without seeing Chinese weathering relics like stone tablet, stone carving, paper, bronze ware…. it is shame to acknowledge western’s relics trueness.

One example, All Greek gold coins, with perfect and excellent sculpture of human head, even to distinct braid.

Super craftmanship.

But ,no coin could be with round edge?

西方的文物,其中大部份都太新,令人無法相信其真實性。

不是全部,但很多都是假的,包括著名的維納斯、羅塞塔石碑,在我眼裏都是胡說八道。

許多人沒有看到中國的石碑、石雕、紙張、青銅器等風化文物是什麽樣子……。承認西方文物的真實性是一種恥辱。

例如,所有希臘金幣,都具有完美而出色的人頭雕刻,甚至是清晰的辮子。

超級好的工藝。

但是操蛋的是,居然沒有一個希臘金幣是正圓的。

Richard Leong

The original six civilizations that spontaneously emerged without outside influence were: Mesopotamia (5,000 BC), Nile River basin (3000 BC), Indus Valley (4,000 BC), North China Plain (4,000 BC), Meso America (1,000 BC) and Minoan (2,000 BC). Ancient Greece and Rome (500 BC), later northern European, were derivatives, not original indigenous civilizations.

最初不受外界影響而自發出現的六大文明分別是:美索不達米亞(公元前5000年)、尼羅河流域(公元前3000年)、印度河流域(公元前4000年)、華北平原(公元前4000年)、中美洲(公元前1000年)和米諾斯文明(公元前1000年)。公元前 2,000 年)。古希臘和羅馬(公元前500年),後來的北歐,是衍生文明,而不是原始的本土文明。

Peter Kauffner

Homer lived in the eighth century BC. He doesn’t qualify as an ancient Greek? As for Chinese civilization, I’d start with the Erlitou culture, which began around 1900 BC.

荷馬生活在公元前八世紀。他不符合古希臘人的資格嗎?至於中華文明,我想從公元前1900年左右開始的二裏頭文化開始。

Richard Leong

Ancient Greek civilisation was a derivative of the Minoan civilisation. Rice growing occurred between the Yellow River and Yangtze River as earliest as 8,000 BC. Chinese civilisation started in the North China Plain around 5,000 BC.

古希臘文明是米諾斯文明的衍生物。早在公元前 8000 年,黃河和長江之間就出現了水稻種植。中華文明始於公元前5000年左右的華北平原。

Richard Leong

China is the oldest continuous civilisation in the world. As a centralised state, China is older as a historic institution than the Catholic Church. It's the only civilisation that has risen, collapsed, risen again, at least six times. Chinese civilisation is not distinct but unique. European civilisation made the modern world. Chinese civilisation is remaking it.

中國是世界上最古老的連續文明。作為一個中央集權國家,中國作為一個歷史機構的歷史比天主教會還要悠久。它是唯一一個經歷過至少六次崛起、崩潰、再崛起的文明。中華文明不是獨特的,但是是唯一的。歐洲文明創造了現代世界。中華文明正在重塑它。

Quan Fung

That's the reason why Westerners like to live on tomorrow's…a strong narrative based on nothing but especulation and propaganda make their day !?

這就是為什麽西方人喜歡生活在明天的原因……基於猜測和宣傳的強有力的洗腦使他們未來的日子過得更開心

Testing Maximum

Fascinating, and so much more rigorous than the rest of the world. Though truth be told, I think the Chinese method is too rigorous.

Some artefacts by definition will not have historical records and ignoring them implies not using other proven deductive techniques to link these forgotten artefacts to the larger story. It runs the risk of missing key influences and connections, for the sake of academic purity.

Further, always, no matter by whom or when, history is written by the victors. Some of the orphaned artefacts might just be foreigners or others who influenced China but didn’t get recorded deliberately.

We’ve seen this in Egypt where deliberate methods were used to eliminate ‘inconvenient’ historical events and figures. For instance, Akhenaten, who was probably the first king in history to embrace monotheism. After his death, his history was attempted to be erased by Egyptians priests who felt threatened. If we were to follow the Chinese methods his artefacts might have been forgotten or ignored, though he was an enormously influential pharaoh, and influenced a lot of monotheist philosophers in the Middle East region.

真是令人著迷,而且中國人這種做法比世界其他地方嚴格得多。說實話,我覺得中國的方法有點太嚴謹了。

根據實際情況來說,某些文物確實沒有歷史記錄,忽略它們意味著不能使用其他經過檢驗的技術來研究這些被遺忘的文物,以便與更大的故事聯系起來。為了學術的純粹性,他們冒著遺失關鍵資訊和聯系的風險。

此外,無論何時何人,歷史始終是由勝利者書寫的。一些遺失的文物可能只是外國人或其他影響中國的戰敗者留下的,但沒有被刻意記錄下來。

我們在埃及就看到了這種情況,那裏有人故意使用方法來消除「不方便的」歷史事件和人物。例如,阿肯那頓(Akhenaten),他可能是歷史上第一位信奉一神教的國王。在他死後,感到受到威脅的埃及牧師試圖抹去他的歷史。如果我們遵循中國的方法,他的文物可能會被遺忘或忽視,盡管他是一位極具影響力的法老,並影響了中東地區的許多一神論哲學家。

Wolfgang Zoellner

In Europe written documents have often been found to be fake news, mostly written by catholic monks, who for a long time had the writing monopoly. Therefor archaeological artifacts are much higher valued as facts than documents. The same is true for medieval history in Korea, where Buddhist monks and confucian servants had a fierce competition, which written truth would be true or fake news. Unfortunatly after the Mongol invasion not much archaelogical evidence has survived.

在歐洲,書面檔經常被發現是假的,大部份是由天主教僧侶撰寫的,他們在很長一段時間內擁有寫作壟斷權。因此,考古文物作為事實的價值遠高於文獻。南韓的中世紀歷史也是如此,佛教僧侶和儒家學者進行了激烈的競爭,辯論書面的真相是真還是假。不幸的是,在蒙古入侵之後,他們沒有多少考古證據幸存下來。

Tomaž Vargazon

I think the author's explanation is too polite to some Western archaeological results. Maybe I don’t want to offend Europeans here.

I am an archeology enthusiast, although I am also European.

But some of the artifacts found in Assyria, Greece and Egypt are just too fake, especially when compared to similar artifacts found in China. You can bet they're almost fake. They didn't even bother to do the work of wearing and fading.

The proportion of history written based on such things is too high.

我認為題主的解釋,對一些西方考古結果太客氣了。也許是不想在這裏得罪歐洲人。

我是一個考古愛好者,雖然我也是歐洲人。

但是在亞述、希臘和埃及發現的一些文物真的是太假了,尤其是當把他們和中國發現的同類文物進行對比之後。你可以肯定他們幾乎就是偽造的。他們甚至連磨損和褪色的工序都懶得做。

基於這樣的東西編寫的歷史,編故事的比例太高了。

Omair Abbas

Look at this, an artifact discovered by the Chinese in Shaanxi Province. He was buried in the earth for more than a thousand years.

When archaeologists dug it out, they discovered it was a huge stone tablet. He has both Chinese and Syriac questions.

The stele is very complete, and its title is "Stele of Nestorianism in China Popular in the Qin Dynasty".

Probably means "the stone tablet records the popularity of Roman Christianity in China"

The stone tablet records the spread of Christianity in China during the Tang Empire, especially exaggerating the popularity of Christianity in China. Even the emperor and nobles showed great respect for Christianity.

看看這個,中國人在陜西省發現的一件文物。一千多年來他被埋在土裏。

當考古學家把它挖出來之後,發現這是一塊巨大的石碑。他有中文和敘利亞文兩種問題。

石碑非常完整,他的標題是「大秦景教流行中國碑」。

大概意思是「石碑記錄羅馬基督教在中國流行的情況」

石碑記錄了唐帝國時期,基督教在中國的傳播情況,尤其渲染了基督教在中國受歡迎的情況,甚至於皇帝和貴族都對基督教表示極大地尊敬。

After this stone tablet was discovered, it was immediately considered a priceless treasure by the European Church. It proved that Christianity had been widely spread in China as early as 1,500 years ago.

However, in the historical records of the Tang Dynasty in China, there is no record about it at all, and there are very few records about Christianity. In other words, in the huge historical records of the Tang Dynasty in China, there is very little information about Christianity, and it is not as popular as described in the inscriptions.

After research by Chinese writing experts, it was finally discovered that the writing style and carving techniques of this stone tablet should be from the Ming Empire period. That was already the 17th century. At that time, many European missionaries came to the Ming Empire, and they had sufficient motivation to forge such stone tablets. This is the truth.

Think for a moment if this stele had been discovered in Europe. And there is no adequate historical literature base to study it. What will be the result?

It will definitely become a "milestone in history" like Hammurabi's Stone. Although it is a fake.

這塊石碑被發現之後,立即被歐洲教會認為是無價之寶,它證明了基督教早在1500年前就已經在中國廣泛傳播。

但是在中國唐代的歷史記錄中,根本沒有關於它的記載,同時也極少有關於基督教的記載。或者說,中國唐代龐大的歷史記錄中,基督教的資訊很少,完全不像碑文上敘述的那麽受歡迎。

經過中國文字專家的研究,最終發現這塊石碑的文字風格和雕刻手法,應該是明帝國時期的。那已經是17世紀了。當時許多歐洲傳教士來到明帝國,他們有充足的動機偽造這樣的石碑。這就是真相。

思考一下,如果這塊石碑是在歐洲被發現的。並且沒有充分的歷史文獻庫來研究它。會是什麽結果?

它一定會和漢謨拉比石碑一樣,成為「歷史的裏程碑」。雖然它是一件假貨。